Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects over 264 million people worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). However, clinical depression is very different from the common use of the word “depression.” Many people say they feel “depressed” when experiencing temporary sadness or stress, but true depression is a medical condition that requires professional evaluation and treatment.

 

What is Depression?

Depression is more than just feeling sad. It is a serious mental health disorder that significantly impacts daily life, including work, school, and relationships. In severe cases, depression can lead to suicidal thoughts or attempts.

To diagnose depression, mental health professionals use the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria. Depression is an episodic illness, meaning it occurs in episodes that can last weeks or months. Some people may experience only one episode in a lifetime, while others may have recurrent episodes.

 

Signs and Symptoms of Depression

Symptoms of depression occur most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks and can include:

 

• • Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness

• • Increased irritability, anger outbursts, or frustration, even over minor issues

• • Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, such as hobbies, sports, or sex

• • Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or excessive sleep

• • Fatigue and lack of energy, making even simple tasks difficult

• • Changes in appetite and weight (loss or gain)

• • Increased anxiety, agitation, or restlessness

• • Slowed thinking, speech, or body movements

• • Persistent feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or self-blame

• • Difficulty with concentration, decision-making, and memory

• • Suicidal thoughts or attempts

• • Unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches or back pain

If these symptoms persist for more than two weeks and cause significant distress or impairment in daily life, a diagnosis of depression may be made.

 

Causes of Depression

The exact cause of depression is not fully understood, but multiple factors contribute to its development:

 

• • Biological differences – Changes in brain structure and function

• • Neurotransmitter imbalances – Disruptions in serotonin, dopamine, and other brain chemicals

• • Hormonal changes – Such as those caused by pregnancy, menopause, or thyroid issues

• • Genetics – A family history of depression increases the risk

• • Psychological and environmental factors – Stress, trauma, abuse, or major life events

• • Substance use – Alcohol and drug abuse can contribute to or worsen depression

Treatment for Depression

Depression is highly treatable with the right approach. Treatment options include:

 

1. Psychotherapy (Counseling)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective psychotherapy for depression, helping individuals change negative thought patterns. Talk therapy can also provide emotional support and coping strategies.

 

2. Medications

Antidepressants (such as SSRIs and SNRIs) are prescribed for moderate to severe depression.  These medications are not addictive and are not the same as sleeping pills. It may take 1-2 weeks for initial effects and 4-6 weeks for full improvement. Side effects are manageable and often subside over time. The typical duration of treatment:

 

• • First episode: 9-12 months

• • Second episode: Around 2 years

• • Third episode: 5 years or more

Can Depression Be Prevented?

There is no sure way to prevent depression, but these strategies may help reduce risk:

 

• • Manage stress through relaxation techniques and mindfulness

• • Stay socially connected with family and friends

• • Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper diet, exercise, and sleep

• • Seek help early if you notice symptoms of depression

Supporting Someone with Depression

One of the worst things you can say to someone with depression is “Just snap out of it” or “Think positively”. Instead:

 

• • Offer support and understanding

• • Encourage them to seek professional help

• • Assure them that they are not alone

Depression is a serious but treatable condition. If you or someone you know is struggling, seek professional help as soon as possible. Early treatment can prevent symptoms from worsening and improve quality of life.

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